[StarTech] TechViews: Super Fast Processors (How much speed is enough?)

http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=94177

Since the inception of the first Personal Computer (PC), scientists and researchers have always strived towards making faster, cheaper and more efficient processors. Of these factors, speed of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or the clock-rate of the processors was always the key concern of the computer architects.

The Moore’s law, as described by Gordon E Moore, the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation describes the trend as: ‘the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has increased exponentially, doubling approximately every two years.’

In recent times though, some groundbreaking innovations have taken place, which seem to be defying all laws in terms of speed.

On May this year, the Japanese company Fujitsu Ltd announced that it developed the fastest central processing unit in the world. The Tokyo-based company presented a CPU that has the ability to carry out 128 billion calculations per second.

It is for the first time since 1999 that Fujitsu received the title of the world’s fastest CPU developer. Having developed the Venus, the Japanese company managed to surpass some of the largest technology corporations in the world, including Intel Corp. and IBM Corp. in terms of speed of the central processing unit.

It was estimated that Fujitsu’s latest creation runs about 2.5 times than the previous record holder developed by Intel. With the help of miniaturisation technology, the Japanese company was able to include twice as many central circuits onto a chip as there were on previous CPU, thus having eight instead of four circuits. The chip measures 2 sq. cm.

Furthermore, the Venus saves energy, reducing the consumption of electricity by about 30 percent compared to current levels.

There are rumours that the CPU is going to be used in the next-generation supercomputer that will start operating at the end of 2010. The supercomputer will be installed at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Science (Riken) and will feature tens of thousands of such CPUs as the Venus.

Engineers believe that the current CPU will be used to help new technologies develop drugs, predicts earthquakes and design rocket engines.

Another processor worth mentioning is the Intel Core i7 processor, dubbed by Intel as its most advanced desktop processor ever. Released in November 2008, the Core i7 processor is the first member of a new family of Nehalem processor designs and is the most sophisticated ever built, with new technologies that boost performance on demand and maximize data throughput. The Core i7 processor speeds video editing, immersive games and other popular Internet and computer activities by up to 40 percent without increasing power consumption.

Broadly heralded by the computing industry as a technical marvel, the Intel Core i7 processor holds a new world record of 117 for the SPECint_base_rate2006 benchmark test that measures the performance of a processor. This is the first time ever for any single processor to exceed a score of 100 points.

“Intel has delivered the fastest desktop processor on Earth to the most demanding users on Earth, the ones who are using their PCs for video, gaming and music,” said Patrick Gelsinger, senior vice president and general manager of Intel’s Digital Enterprise Group. “When you couple what is Intel’s biggest leap in chip design with other incredible innovations like Intel’s solid state drives, the Core i7 processor has redefined the computer of tomorrow.”

Tech Web sites have been extremely positive in their product reviews. Anandtech states that “Core i7 continues to fuel Intel’s beacon of performance.” “The Core i7 is everything they promised it would be,” says PC Perspective. “Nehalem is a masterpiece,” says the Lost Circuits website. The Tech Report calls it “one of the most consequential shifts in the industry.”

Intel’s unique Turbo Boost Technology accelerates performance to match a computer user’s needs and workloads. Through a sophisticated on-die power control unit and using new “power gate” transistors based on Intel’s advanced 45 nanometer, high-k metal gate manufacturing process, Turbo Boost automatically adjusts the clock speed of one or more of the four individual processing cores for single- and multi-threaded applications to boost performance, without increasing power consumption. The Core i7 also has the latest Intel power-saving technologies, allowing desktops to go into sleep states formerly reserved for Intel-based notebooks.

The Core i7 processor more than doubles the memory bandwidth of previous Intel “Extreme” platforms, speeding the transfer of computer bits and bites in and out of the processor with Intel Quickpath Technology. Designed with Intel’s Hyper-Threading Technology, the processor also allows multiple computing threads to run simultaneously, effectively enabling it to do two things at once. As a result, the Core i7 quad-core processor delivers 8-threaded performance.

The Intel Core i7 processor also offers unrivalled performance for immersive 3-D games – over 40 percent faster than previous Intel high-performance processors on both the 3DMark Vantage CPU physics and AI tests, popular industry computer benchmarks that measure gaming performance. The Extreme Edition uses 8 threads to run games with advanced artificial intelligence and physics to make games act and feel real.

In January 2009, AMD launched its ‘fastest desktop processors ever’. They announced two new quad-core Phenom II processors at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, USA. The Phenom II processors, pack 8MB of cache and are positioned squarely in the consumer desktop market. They also run at up to 3GHz, though AMD has demonstrated an over-clocked Phenom II processor running up to 4GHz just on air cooling.

Even though the Phenom II processors represent the fastest processors ever released by AMD, they flounder when pitted against Intel’s fastest Core i7. Benchmarks show the Intel processor coming out about 22% faster, though the AMD system delivers better “performance per watt” figures.

Although the majority of PC users around the world are not high end users, who do not require top speed, it is also a matter of prestige of the processor manufacturing companies to be the proud owners of the fastest processors. The war is on!

Information Source: infoniac.com, intel.com, fiercecio.com and wikipedia.

Compiled by Mahdin Mahboob

[StarTech] TechViews: Budget 2009-10 (What’s in for IT, telecom and science?)

http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=93173

On June 11, Finance Minister AMA Muhith unveiled the proposed budget for fiscal 2009-2010. In addition to the pressure of having to meet demands of different key sectors with limited resources and great expectations, the minister also had to take into account the demands of the people from ICT industry, and anyone and everyone remotely or directly connected to it.

The promise of a digital Bangladesh by the year 2021 made the expectations even higher from this year’s budget. In this issue of StarTech, we have looked into the pros and cons of the proposed budget and what experts are thinking about it.

The proposed budget for fiscal 2009-10 aims at making technology accessible to all and this was sharply reflected by the allocation of Tk 563 crore in ICT and telecommunication sectors, which is a giant leap from the Tk 265 crore in the revised budget for fiscal 2008-09. The allocation includes Tk 142 crore in Annual Developed Programme for science and ICT ministry, Tk 221 crore for post and telecommunication ministry, a special allocation of Tk 100 crore for ICT development and Tk 200 crore for equity and entrepreneurship fund for ICT promotion.

The finance minister also said that automated system would be introduced in the administration, educational institutions, land and health sectors and tax administration phase by the phase within a few years. If successfully implemented, an automated system would increase transparency and reduce corruption and hence fulfill the government’s pledge of a digital Bangladesh.

The commitment to connect the country with the second submarine cable for providing internet service to more people is likely to give ICT a major boost.

“We have to use information and communication technology extensively for accelerated development. Therefore, we are moving ahead with a dream of establishing digital Bangladesh by 2021. The transition to digitisation process will, on one hand, help accelerate production and on the other hand, facilitate curbing corruption,” said Muhith. The minister was also hopeful that the employment in ICT sector will rank second only to textile sector by 2021.

Mustafa Jabbar, president of Bangladesh Computer Samity, has termed the proposed budget a milestone — a great achievement of Bangladesh for being able to leap from the ‘Agricultural Age’ to the ‘Digital Age’, bypassing the ‘Industrial Age’. He was particularly impressed by the government’s massive plans for power sector, the current state of which many consider to be the single largest obstacle to bringing about digital Bangladesh. The finance minister informed the government’s decision to increase power generation by 950 MW this year and 2810 MW more by 2013 under different public and private initiatives. Jabbar appreciated the decision of withdrawing tax from internet usage at educational institutions but failed to understand why it did not apply for home users. The increased taxes on monitor, printer, toner and refill have also worried him and he suggested that they should immediately be withdrawn.

The proposed tax on mobile handsets and non withdrawal of tax on SIM cards is likely to hinder the growth of the fast growing telecommunications industry in Bangladesh, fear industry people and experts. In the proposed budget, a whopping 25 percent customs duty has been imposed on the import value of each set, scrapping the existing flat import duty of Tk 300 on each set. Bangladesh Mobile Phone Importers’ Association (BMPIA) has opposed the new duty structure saying they will have to pay at least Tk 800 for import of each low-priced handset. This decision will make a new handset and connection more expensive and perhaps deter first time buyers availing this service, people who need it the most.

Habibullah N Karim, president of Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services, has welcomed the allocation of Taka 500 crore for ICT development but hoped to see the allocation of more Tk 500 crore in the revised budget.

“We are happy to see that the finance minister has rightfully emphasised the use of indigenous software and IT enabled services for the sustainable development of this sector. We also hope that the government will undertake all possible e-government projects in line with the action plan given in the ICT Policy 2009,” says Karim.

Although highly applauded by ICT people, Prof Haseena Khan of the department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Dhaka has described the proposed budget by saying “Our frustration stems from the fact that to our policymakers ICT is the only science and technology worth pursuing” and like to see specific allocations in the biotechnology research sector in the revised budget. She said it was high time to grow this promising technology which could improve the quality of human life by leaps and bounds.

All in all, the proposed budget for fiscal 2009-2010 has had a mixed bag of responses from people related to ICT and other scientific fields and industry. With recommendations and suggested changes from the experts and people the final budget is expected to bring about positive change in the country.

mahdin@thedailystar.net

[StarTech] TechSpotLight: The USB story

http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=92258

Many of us have recently seen the Intel’s TV advertisement which shows Ajay Bhatt, the co-inventor of the USB, aptly termed as our rockstars aren’t like your rockstars walking and moving like a celebrity would. Interesting advertisement, to say the least. To those of you are thinking that this article is about Intel or the advertisement industry in general, behold! It’s about neither and is about the Universal Serial Bus or USB in short.

For most of us using personal computers in our day-to-day lives, whether it be for office or college work or simply checking emails and facebooking, the USB port is a common device about which we barely ever think about.

Initially designed to replace the many varieties of serial and parallel ports that were jumbling up our PCs with every new gadget, and thus making the production of standard devices increasingly difficult, it has today become the quintessential bridge to connect computer peripherals like mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives.

Although it was designed to be used for personal computers, USB has today become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles, and as a power cord between a device and an AC adapter plugged into a wall plug for charging. According to a PC World report published in 2008, there are about 2 billion USB devices sold every year with total about 6 billion sold to date!

The history of the USB dates back to 1994 when the specifications for the first generation of USB or USB 1.0 were introduced. The intention was to replace the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, as well as to simplify software configuration of communication devices. The original USB 1.0 specification had a data transfer rate of 12 Mbit/s.

The creation of USB was a result of research conducted by a core group of companies that consisted of Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital, IBM, and Northern Telecom. Intel produced the UHCI (Universal Host Controller Interface) host controller and open software stack; Microsoft produced a USB software stack for Windows and co-authored the OHCI host controller specification with National Semiconductor and Compaq; Philips produced early USB-Audio; and TI produced the most widely used hub chips.

Six years later, the USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was standardized at the end of 2001. Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (now Alcatel-Lucent following its merger with Alcatel in 2006), Microsoft, NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, 480 Mbit/s, than the 1.0 specification of 12 Mbit/s.

The latest in line, the third generation of USB, or USB 3.0 specification was released on November 17, 2008 by the USB 3.0 Promoter Group. It has a transfer rate of up to 10 times faster than the USB 2.0 version and has been dubbed the SuperSpeed USB.

The benefit of USB is equipment conforming with any version of the standard will also work with devices designed to any previous specification (a property known as backward compatibility).

Every USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. A USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices may be connected to a single host controller.

USB devices are linked in series through hubs and there always exists one hub known as the root hub, which is built into the host controller. This sharing hubs, as they are popularly know to be, allow multiple computers to access the same peripheral device(s), also exist and work by switching access between PCs, either automatically or manually. They are popular in small-office environments.

A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function).

When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The speed of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device’s information is read by the host, then the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion. In SuperSpeed USB, connected devices can request service from host.

Technical jargon aside, the Universal Serial Bus or USB has come as a blessing for PC users all over the world and in the coming days, it is all set to become even more faster and convenient for the users.

Information Source: The Internet.